
One of our readers, Tom Parquette of Branson, Missouri, is also a fire historian, researching notable fire tragedies in our history. Recently he prepared and sent us this timely and interesting article about another tunnel fire engine with two front ends. He tells us:
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Nenad Illisic's report (HERE) regarding the delivery of the Croatian Merkur Tru ZE1 dual cab apparatus for use in the Croatian Tunel Ucka brought to mind one of my favorite studies in fire history:
The Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire of 1999
And the Development of the Janus 4000 Fire Engine
by Tom Parquette

The Mont Blanc tunnel runs between France and Italy. Opened in 1965 the tunnel operated for years with minor fire incidents which were largely handled by the vehicle operators before arrival of any departmental response units. The Mont Blanc Tunnel is about 7.2 miles in length and some 28 feet wide, two lanes. The operation of the tunnel as an infrastructure facility was handled by two national government agencies given that the border of France and Italy was in the tunnel itself. A tunnel authority functioned on the France side and a tunnel authority functioned on the Italian side of the tunnel (border). This included fire departments operating at each end of the tunnel as well.

Italian entrance
March 24, 1999 a Belgian reefer truck entered the tunnel and proceeded until the driver sensed something wrong with his truck and stopped to check it out. At that time the truck burst into flames.

Wikipedia has an excellent (and very accurate) synopsis of this event at this link; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tunnel which, according to my historical research, does fairly represent this event.

A June 30 1999 report by the French Office of Interior regarding the tunnel fire http://www.firetactics.com/MONTBLANCFIRE1999.htm details the status and condition reports of various infrastructure and responders as either deficient or contributory to the severity of the event. It is posited that the fire continued for some 50 hours and prevented entry into the tunnel itself for some 5 days.

I won't repeat what is contained in these reports here (to avoid lengthy repetition) but the study is fascinating and I believe, overall, the casual observer is left with what really was a disconnect between responding authorities (radio frequencies were not compatible between the French and Italian resources) and the use and design elements of the ventilation equipment designed into the tunnel itself.
The usual finger pointing and blame laying took place, of course. In 2005, some 6 years following the disaster, 13 were convicted and sentenced for various 'crimes' and or omissions of responsibility leading to the death of 39 persons including the lead fire commander of, I believe, the Italian 'side'.
See conviction press here: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/27/world/europe/27iht-tunnel.html

The University of Manchester did perform a thorough post event study which is quite informative here: http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/structures/strucfire/CaseStudy/HistoricFires/InfrastructuralFires/mont.htm
During the review, refitting and restructuring of the Mont Blanc Tunnel, it's operation and support systems, the newly created authority comprised of French and Italians actually began working together as a separate entity (the ATMB i.e., Auto Routes Mont Blanc), and contracts were let to design and manufacture apparatus which would be effective and not fall victim to the problems experienced in 1999. The result of that engineering was the BAI MAN Janus 4000 Bi-front. The Janus (for the two headed Greek God of doors and entrances) is a bit larger than the Croatian model and is designed as an attack vehicle as opposed to the passenger/rescue function of the Croatian unit. 2 of the Janus units are in service. My information has it that 3 were actually constructed, but I don't know where the third ended up.

The BAI Janus 4000 Bi-Front was designed and built by BAI of Italy following the 1999 tragedy. The tunnel is over 7 miles long and fire equipment and personnel couldn't reach the victims for two days. The BAI Janus 4000 is really cool. Janus, of course was a Greek god of doors and entrances I think and had two heads. Hence, the name.

It is designed with two complete control cabs as you can see in the photos. The apparatus can travel up to 120 mph in either direction without turning around. It can also maneuver sideways and diagonally like a crab in tight spaces. It is fully pressurized. It carries full fire gear along with a 4,000-gallon litre water tank and 500-gallon foam tank. Each unit costs the US equivalent of $560,000 in 1999. I'm told something on this order was designed, built and employed in the tunnels between New York and New Jersey in the 1920s but haven't been able to really substantiate that. There are 3 of the BAI Janus 4000 Bi-Front units in existence.
………. Tom Parquette, Branson, Missouri
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