The Fire Zouvares enjoyed enthusiastic press from Harper’s Weekly and The New York Times.
First Battle of Bull Run
There were 35,000 troops bivouaked in Washington DC. General Irvin McDowell marched his troops 22 miles south, to defend a vital railroad junction in Manassas, Virginia.
The troops, assembled in the three months after the attack on Fort Sumter in April, were not particularly well-trained. It took two days to march to Bull Run stream.
In the early morning of Sunday, July 21, the Union troops pushed the Confederates into a defensive position on a hill. Confederate reinforcements arrived later in that day, ending the see-saw of the battle.
With the first use of the blood-curdling Rebel Yell, the Confederates made a late afternoon charge that triggered a Union retreat back to Washington DC. The retreat became a stampede, with Union troops leaving equipment and supplies.
This illustration is from the August 10, 1861 Harper’s Weekly:

Charge of the Black Horse Cavalry upon the Fire Zouaves at the Battle of Bull Run.
Erosion of command officers
Lieutenant Colonel N. L. Farnham took over command, but was not as charismatic or driven as Ellsworth. Sick with typhoid fever, Farnham was with his regiment as they invaded northern Virginia in mid July 1861. He was wounded at the Battle of Bull Run and died August 14, 1861.
Disintegration of the regiment
The New York Zouvares fell apart after the death of Colonel Ellsworth (May), the First Battle of Bull Run retreat (July), and the typhoid death of Lieutenant Colonel N. L. Farnham (August).
Creiger, the original third-in-command, resigned after getting injured during the Bull Run retreat and returned to New York City. By that time six Zouvare officers and 43 enlisted men died in battle, from injuries in battle, from disease or other causes.
By the end of August, the 1,100 Zouvares were down to the fourth string commander and three companies of not more than 50 men in each company. That means more than 80% of the regiment left their post four months after joining the Zouavres .
This is what was recorded in War of the Rebellion:
The regiment (1st organization) lost by death,
killed in action, 1 officer, 33 enlisted men;
died of wounds received in action; 1 officer, 2 enlisted men;
died of disease and other causes, 4 officers, 8 enlisted men;
total, 6 officers, 43 enlisted men; aggregate, 49; of whom 3 enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.
From the Hermann and Grenan “Tiger! Zouvare!!” website:
Among those who weren’t captured or wounded and didn’t return to their commands found their ways back to New York, where they were met with jeers. A story was told of one such group, who attempted to visit with their old friends at Hose Co. 41 on Renwick Street. The assistant foreman stopped them at the door and, upon learning that the men weren’t on furlough, refused to let them in. It was clear that if an organization of Fire Zouaves was to succeed, discipline problems had to be dealt with, and firmly so.
One periodical editorialized “if the Fire Zouaves intend to acquire distinction, as a body, they must commence anew, begin at the beginning and persevere unto the end. All swaggering, lounging about, slang talk, is unbecoming and ridiculous in a soldier. It is bad enough to witness men, while in the garb of firemen, indulge in such antics; but when supposed to be a model of trim and upright bearing, moving with exactitude and regularity, and seldom or never speaking, and then only in a respectful and serious manner, the appearance of actions directly opposite is absurd.”
Another put it more bluntly: “Such men are not fit to be in an army, they are too wild, uncontrollable—in fact, unprincipled. They care for nothing but their food and pay, and when they get clothes, do not know how to take care of the same.”
next week: State-created city fire department
UPDATED: Bill Carey posted Firefighter Mentality Revisited that covers many of the elements missing from the union soldiers at this battle.
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Mike worked on a project about Reconstruction after the Civil War
This is one in a series of articles about the Metropolitan Fire Department established in Manhattan in 1865.
Mike “FossilMedic” Ward
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